紫花堇菜Viola grypoceras
中文名（Chinese Name）：紫花堇菜
学名（Scientific Name）：Viola grypoceras A. Gray
英文名（English Common Name）：
别名（Chinese Common Name）：紫花高茎堇菜
异名（Synonym）：Viola canina var. japonica Ging. Viola sylvatica var. grypoceras (A. Gray) Maxim. Viola leveillei H. Boissieu Viola sylvatica var. gpypoceras (A. Gray) Maxim. Viola coreana Boissieu Viola krugiana W. Becker Viola sylvatica var. imberbis A. Gray Viola sylvestris var. gpypoceras (A. Gray) Maxim. Viola grypoceras var. barbata W. Becker Viola silvestris var. japonica Maxim. Viola grayi var. candida H. Boissieu Viola grypoceras var. hirsuta Fu et Q. H. Liu Viola grypoceras var. pubescens Nakai Viola longepedunculata Franch. et Sav. Viola sylvestris var. candida (H. Boissieu) H. Lév. Viola sylvestris var. grypoceras (A. Gray) Maxim.
科属（Family & Genus）：堇菜科（Violaceae）堇菜属
形态特征（Description）：多年生草本，具发达主根。根状茎短粗，垂直，节密生，褐色；地上茎数条，花期高5-20厘米，果期高可达30厘米，直立或斜升，通常无毛。基生叶叶片心形或宽心形，长1-4厘米，宽1-3.5厘米，先端钝或微尖，基部弯缺狭，边缘具钝锯齿，两面无毛或近无毛，密布褐色腺点；茎生叶三角状心形或狭卵状心形，长1-6厘米，基部弯缺浅或宽三角形；基生叶叶柄长达8厘米，茎生叶叶柄较短；托叶褐色，狭披针形，长1-1.5厘米，宽1-2毫米，先端渐尖，边缘具流苏状长齿，齿长2-5毫米，比托叶宽度长约2倍。花淡紫色，无芳香；花梗自茎基部或茎生叶的叶腋抽出，长6-11厘米，远超出于叶，中部以上有2枚线形小苞片；萼片披针形，长约7毫米，有褐色腺点，先端锐尖，基部附属物长约2毫米，末端截形，具浅齿；花瓣倒卵状长圆形，有褐色腺点，边缘呈波状，侧瓣里面无须毛，下瓣连距长1.5-2厘米；距长6-7毫米，粗约2毫米，通常向下弯，稀直伸；下方2枚雄蕊具长距，距近直立；子房无毛，花柱基部稍膝曲，向顶部逐渐增粗呈棒状，柱头无乳头状凸起，向前弯曲成短喙；喙端具较宽柱头孔。蒴果椭圆形，长约1厘米，密生褐色腺点，先端短尖。花、期4-5月，果期6-8月。
分布（Distribution）：产华北、华东至华中、华南、西南各省区的林区，日本、朝鲜南部亦有。
用途（Use）：全草民间作药用，能清热解毒，消肿去瘀。
引自中国植物志英文版：FOC Vol. 13 Page 75, 82
Viola grypoceras A. Gray in Perry, Narr. Exped. China Japan. 2: Append. 308. 1856.
紫花堇菜 zi hua jin cai| Violaceae | Viola
Viola grayi Franchet & Savatier var. candida H. Boissieu; V. grypoceras var. barbata W. Becker; V. grypoceras var. pubescens Nakai; V. leveillei H. Boissieu; V. sylvestris Lamarck var. candida (H. Boissieu) H. Léveillé; V. sylvestris var. grypoceras (A. Gray) Maximowicz.
Herbs perennial, with developed tap root. Rhizome erect, brown, short, robust, densely noded. Stems several, erect, obliquely ascending, or nearly procument or creeping, 5-20 cm tall at anthesis, to 30 cm tall at fruiting, glabrous or puberulous. Stipules brown, narrowly lanceolate, 1-1.5 cm × 1-2 mm, margin fimbriate-dentate, teeth 2-5 mm, apex acuminate; petioles of basal leaves to 8 cm, those of cauline leaves shorter, puberulous; blades of basal leaves cordate or broadly cordate, 1-4 × 1-3.5 cm, both surfaces glabrous or subglabrous, rarely puberulous abaxially, with dense brown glandular dots, base narrowly sinuate, margin obtusely serrate, apex obtuse or ± acute; blades of cauline leaves triangular-cordate or narrowly ovate-cordate, 1-6 cm, base shallowly sinuate or broadly triangular. Flowers purplish to white, fragrant; pedicels produced from base of stem or cauline leaf axils, 6-11 cm, much exceeding leaves, with 2 linear bracteoles above middle. Sepals lanceolate, ca. 7 mm, with brown glandular dots, apex acute, basal auricles ca. 2 mm, apex truncate, shallowly dentate. Petals obovate-oblong, with brown glandular dots, margin repand, lateral petals glabrous, anterior one 1.5-2 cm (spur included); spur 6-8 mm, ca. 2 mm in diam., usually curved downward, rarely straight; 2 anterior stamens long spurred, spur suberect. Ovary glabrous; styles slightly geniculate at base, gradually thickened toward top and clavate; stigmas not papillose, curved forward, forming a short beak, with a broad stigma hole at tip of beak. Capsule ellipsoid, ca. 1 cm, with dense brown glandular dots, apex acuminate. Fl. Mar-May, fr. May-Aug. 2n = 20*.
Grassy slopes, thickets; below 2400 m. Anhui, Fujian, SE Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, S Shaanxi, E Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea].
In FRPS (51: 31. 1991), the name Viola faurieana W. Becker was misapplied to this species.
One of us (Ohba) prefers to treat plants with stems nearly procumbent or creeping as Viola grypoceras var. exilis (Miquel) Nakai.
（责任编辑：徐晔春）
学名（Scientific Name）：Viola grypoceras A. Gray
英文名（English Common Name）：
别名（Chinese Common Name）：紫花高茎堇菜
异名（Synonym）：Viola canina var. japonica Ging. Viola sylvatica var. grypoceras (A. Gray) Maxim. Viola leveillei H. Boissieu Viola sylvatica var. gpypoceras (A. Gray) Maxim. Viola coreana Boissieu Viola krugiana W. Becker Viola sylvatica var. imberbis A. Gray Viola sylvestris var. gpypoceras (A. Gray) Maxim. Viola grypoceras var. barbata W. Becker Viola silvestris var. japonica Maxim. Viola grayi var. candida H. Boissieu Viola grypoceras var. hirsuta Fu et Q. H. Liu Viola grypoceras var. pubescens Nakai Viola longepedunculata Franch. et Sav. Viola sylvestris var. candida (H. Boissieu) H. Lév. Viola sylvestris var. grypoceras (A. Gray) Maxim.
科属（Family & Genus）：堇菜科（Violaceae）堇菜属
形态特征（Description）：多年生草本，具发达主根。根状茎短粗，垂直，节密生，褐色；地上茎数条，花期高5-20厘米，果期高可达30厘米，直立或斜升，通常无毛。基生叶叶片心形或宽心形，长1-4厘米，宽1-3.5厘米，先端钝或微尖，基部弯缺狭，边缘具钝锯齿，两面无毛或近无毛，密布褐色腺点；茎生叶三角状心形或狭卵状心形，长1-6厘米，基部弯缺浅或宽三角形；基生叶叶柄长达8厘米，茎生叶叶柄较短；托叶褐色，狭披针形，长1-1.5厘米，宽1-2毫米，先端渐尖，边缘具流苏状长齿，齿长2-5毫米，比托叶宽度长约2倍。花淡紫色，无芳香；花梗自茎基部或茎生叶的叶腋抽出，长6-11厘米，远超出于叶，中部以上有2枚线形小苞片；萼片披针形，长约7毫米，有褐色腺点，先端锐尖，基部附属物长约2毫米，末端截形，具浅齿；花瓣倒卵状长圆形，有褐色腺点，边缘呈波状，侧瓣里面无须毛，下瓣连距长1.5-2厘米；距长6-7毫米，粗约2毫米，通常向下弯，稀直伸；下方2枚雄蕊具长距，距近直立；子房无毛，花柱基部稍膝曲，向顶部逐渐增粗呈棒状，柱头无乳头状凸起，向前弯曲成短喙；喙端具较宽柱头孔。蒴果椭圆形，长约1厘米，密生褐色腺点，先端短尖。花、期4-5月，果期6-8月。
分布（Distribution）：产华北、华东至华中、华南、西南各省区的林区，日本、朝鲜南部亦有。
用途（Use）：全草民间作药用，能清热解毒，消肿去瘀。
引自中国植物志英文版：FOC Vol. 13 Page 75, 82
Viola grypoceras A. Gray in Perry, Narr. Exped. China Japan. 2: Append. 308. 1856.
紫花堇菜 zi hua jin cai| Violaceae | Viola
Viola grayi Franchet & Savatier var. candida H. Boissieu; V. grypoceras var. barbata W. Becker; V. grypoceras var. pubescens Nakai; V. leveillei H. Boissieu; V. sylvestris Lamarck var. candida (H. Boissieu) H. Léveillé; V. sylvestris var. grypoceras (A. Gray) Maximowicz.
Herbs perennial, with developed tap root. Rhizome erect, brown, short, robust, densely noded. Stems several, erect, obliquely ascending, or nearly procument or creeping, 5-20 cm tall at anthesis, to 30 cm tall at fruiting, glabrous or puberulous. Stipules brown, narrowly lanceolate, 1-1.5 cm × 1-2 mm, margin fimbriate-dentate, teeth 2-5 mm, apex acuminate; petioles of basal leaves to 8 cm, those of cauline leaves shorter, puberulous; blades of basal leaves cordate or broadly cordate, 1-4 × 1-3.5 cm, both surfaces glabrous or subglabrous, rarely puberulous abaxially, with dense brown glandular dots, base narrowly sinuate, margin obtusely serrate, apex obtuse or ± acute; blades of cauline leaves triangular-cordate or narrowly ovate-cordate, 1-6 cm, base shallowly sinuate or broadly triangular. Flowers purplish to white, fragrant; pedicels produced from base of stem or cauline leaf axils, 6-11 cm, much exceeding leaves, with 2 linear bracteoles above middle. Sepals lanceolate, ca. 7 mm, with brown glandular dots, apex acute, basal auricles ca. 2 mm, apex truncate, shallowly dentate. Petals obovate-oblong, with brown glandular dots, margin repand, lateral petals glabrous, anterior one 1.5-2 cm (spur included); spur 6-8 mm, ca. 2 mm in diam., usually curved downward, rarely straight; 2 anterior stamens long spurred, spur suberect. Ovary glabrous; styles slightly geniculate at base, gradually thickened toward top and clavate; stigmas not papillose, curved forward, forming a short beak, with a broad stigma hole at tip of beak. Capsule ellipsoid, ca. 1 cm, with dense brown glandular dots, apex acuminate. Fl. Mar-May, fr. May-Aug. 2n = 20*.
Grassy slopes, thickets; below 2400 m. Anhui, Fujian, SE Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, S Shaanxi, E Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea].
In FRPS (51: 31. 1991), the name Viola faurieana W. Becker was misapplied to this species.
One of us (Ohba) prefers to treat plants with stems nearly procumbent or creeping as Viola grypoceras var. exilis (Miquel) Nakai.
（责任编辑：徐晔春）
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