紫竹 Phyllostachys nigra
中文名（Chinese Name）：紫竹
学名（Scientific Name）：Phyllostachys nigra (Lodd. ex Lindl.) Munro
英文名（English Common Name）：black bamboo
别名（Chinese Common Name）：墨竹
异名（Synonym）：Bambusa nigra Lodd. ex Lindl. Phyllostachys nana Rendle Phyllostachys nigripes Hayata Phyllostachys filifera McClure Phyllostachys henionis Mitf. Phyllostachys nigra var. henionis (Mitf.) Stapf ex Rendle Phyllostachys puberula var. hanchiku J.Houz. Phyllostachys punctata (Bean) A.H.Lawson Phyllostachys puberula var. nigropunctata (Mitford) J.Houz. Sinarundinaria nigra A.H.Lawson Bambusa nigricans Steud. Phyllostachys puberula var. fulva (Mitford) J.Houz. Phyllostachys puberula var. muchisasa J.Houz. Phyllostachys puberula var. nana (Rendle) J.Houz. Phyllostachys puberula var. flavescens J.Houz. Phyllostachys nigra f. flavescens (J.Houz.) Muroi Phyllostachys nigra f. muchisasa (J.Houz.) R.A.Young Phyllostachys nigra f. hanchiku (J.Houz.) Muroi Phyllostachys nigra f. fulva (Mitford) Muroi Phyllostachys nigra f. tosaensis (I.Tsuboi) Muroi Arundinaria stolonifera Kurz Phyllostachys nigra f. boryana (Mitford) Makino Phyllostachys nigra var. tosaensis I.Tsuboi Phyllostachys nigra f. nigropunctata (Mitford) Makino Phyllostachys puberula f. albovariegata Makino Phyllostachys puberula f. nigropunctata (Mitford) Makino Phyllostachys nigra f. okina H.Okamura Phyllostachys bambusoides var. boryana (Mitford) Sad.Suzuki Bambusa nigra f. lutea Voss Phyllostachys nigra f. lutea Voss Phyllostachys nigra f. monstrosa Muroi & H.Okamura Phyllostachys puberula var. pendula Miyoshi Phyllostachys nigra f. albovariegata (Makino) Beetle Bambos kurotake Siebold Phyllostachys nigra var. hanchiku (J.Houz.) Nakai Phyllostachys puberula var. punctata (Bean) Nakai Phyllostachys nigra var. flavescens (J.Houz.) Nakai Phyllostachys nigra var. muchisasa (J.Houz.) Nakai Phyllostachys nigra f. pendula (Miyoshi) Makino & Nemoto Phyllostachys stolonifera Kurz ex Munro Phyllostachys nigra f. simadake Muroi & H.Okamura Phyllostachys nigra f. asagi Muroi & H.Okamura Phyllostachys nigra var. nigropunctata (Mitford) G.Nicholson Phyllostachys nigra f. mejiro Muroi & H.Okamura Phyllostachys nigra f. usuguro Muroi & H.Okamura Bambusa dichotoma Donn Phyllostachys nigropunctata Mitford Phyllostachys fulva Mitford Phyllostachys boryana Mitford Phyllostachys nigra var. punctata Bean Bambusa boryana Bean Bambusa nigropunctata Bean Sinoarundinaria nigra (Lodd. ex Lindl.) Ohwi ex Mayeb.
科属（Family & Genus）：禾本科（Gramineae）刚竹属
形态特征（Description）：竿高4-8米，稀可高达10米，直径可达5厘米，幼竿绿色，密被细柔毛及白粉，箨环有毛，一年生以后的竿逐渐先出现紫斑，最后全部变为紫黑色，无毛；中部节间长25-30厘米，壁厚约3毫米；竿环与箨环均隆起，且竿环高于箨环或两环等高。箨鞘背面红褐或更带绿色，无斑点或常具极微小不易观察的深褐色斑点，此斑点在箨鞘上端常密集成片，被微量白粉及较密的淡褐色刺毛；箨耳长圆形至镰形，紫黑色，边缘生有紫黑色繸毛；箨舌拱形至尖拱形，紫色，边缘生有长纤毛；箨片三角形至三角状披针形，绿色，但脉为紫色，舟状，直立或以后稍开展，微皱曲或波状。末级小枝具.2或3叶；叶耳不明显，有脱落性鞘口繸毛；叶舌稍伸出；叶片质薄，长7-10厘米，宽约1.2厘米。花枝呈短穗状，长3.5-5厘米，基部托以4-8片逐渐增大的鳞片状苞片；佛焰苞4-6片，除边缘外无毛或被微毛，叶耳不存在，鞘口繸毛少数条或无，缩小叶细小，通常呈锥状或仅为一小尖头，亦可较大而呈卵状披针形，每片佛焰苞腋内有1-3枚假小穗。小穗披针形，长1.5-2厘米，具2或3朵小花，小穗轴具柔毛；颖1-3片，偶可无颖，背面上部多少具柔毛；外稃密生柔毛，长1.2-1.5厘米；内稃短于外稃；花药长约8毫米；柱头3,羽毛状。笋期4月下旬。
分布（Distribution）：原产我国，南北各地多有栽培，在湖南南部与广西交界处尚可见有野生的紫竹林。
用途（Use）：多栽培供观赏；竹材较坚韧，供制作小型家具、手杖、伞柄、乐器及工艺品。
引自中国植物志英文版FOC Vol. 22 Page 164, 166, 175
Phyllostachys nigra (Loddiges ex Lindley) Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London. 26: 38. 1868.
紫竹 zi zhu| Poaceae | Phyllostachys
Culms 4–8(–10) m, to 5 cm or more in diam.; internodes green or gradually developing purple-brown to black spots or turning uniform purple-brown or black, 25–30 cm, initially white powdery, densely puberulent; wall ca. 3 mm thick; nodal ridge slightly more prominent than or equaling sheath scar; sheath scar initially brown hairy on margin. Culm sheaths red-brown, sometimes tinged with green, unmarked or densely extremely minutely and imperceptibly dark brown spotted, spots aggregating into a distal dark brown patch, thinly white powdery, brown strigose; auricles and oral setae well developed, purple-black; ligule purple, arcuate to acutely so, long ciliate; blade erect or gradually deflexed, green or tinged with purple on both sides, triangular to triangular-lanceolate, navicular, ± wavy. Leaves 2 or 3 per ultimate branch; auricles weak or absent; oral setae deciduous; ligule slightly exserted; blade thin, 7–10 × ca. 1.2 cm. Flowering branchlets shortly spicate, 3.5–5 cm, scaly bracts 4–8. Spathes 4–6, glabrous or puberulous; auricles absent; oral setae few or absent; blade usually subulate or ovate-lanceolate, small. Pseudospikelets 1–3 per spathe. Spikelets lanceolate, 1.5–2 cm; florets 2 or 3. Glumes (absent or)1–3, abaxially ± distally pubescent; rachilla pubescent; lemma 1.2–1.5 cm, densely pubescent; palea shorter than lemma. Anthers ca. 8 mm. Stigmas 3. New shoots late Apr, fl. May.
* Open forests on slopes and in valleys; 1100–1200 m. S Hunan, widely cultivated elsewhere in China [introduced in many other countries].
This species has a very extensive synonymy, as is often the case with such popular garden plants. At the time of writing, W. D. Clayton lists a total of 79 synonyms in his grass synonymy database.
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（责任编辑：徐晔春）
学名（Scientific Name）：Phyllostachys nigra (Lodd. ex Lindl.) Munro
英文名（English Common Name）：black bamboo
别名（Chinese Common Name）：墨竹
异名（Synonym）：Bambusa nigra Lodd. ex Lindl. Phyllostachys nana Rendle Phyllostachys nigripes Hayata Phyllostachys filifera McClure Phyllostachys henionis Mitf. Phyllostachys nigra var. henionis (Mitf.) Stapf ex Rendle Phyllostachys puberula var. hanchiku J.Houz. Phyllostachys punctata (Bean) A.H.Lawson Phyllostachys puberula var. nigropunctata (Mitford) J.Houz. Sinarundinaria nigra A.H.Lawson Bambusa nigricans Steud. Phyllostachys puberula var. fulva (Mitford) J.Houz. Phyllostachys puberula var. muchisasa J.Houz. Phyllostachys puberula var. nana (Rendle) J.Houz. Phyllostachys puberula var. flavescens J.Houz. Phyllostachys nigra f. flavescens (J.Houz.) Muroi Phyllostachys nigra f. muchisasa (J.Houz.) R.A.Young Phyllostachys nigra f. hanchiku (J.Houz.) Muroi Phyllostachys nigra f. fulva (Mitford) Muroi Phyllostachys nigra f. tosaensis (I.Tsuboi) Muroi Arundinaria stolonifera Kurz Phyllostachys nigra f. boryana (Mitford) Makino Phyllostachys nigra var. tosaensis I.Tsuboi Phyllostachys nigra f. nigropunctata (Mitford) Makino Phyllostachys puberula f. albovariegata Makino Phyllostachys puberula f. nigropunctata (Mitford) Makino Phyllostachys nigra f. okina H.Okamura Phyllostachys bambusoides var. boryana (Mitford) Sad.Suzuki Bambusa nigra f. lutea Voss Phyllostachys nigra f. lutea Voss Phyllostachys nigra f. monstrosa Muroi & H.Okamura Phyllostachys puberula var. pendula Miyoshi Phyllostachys nigra f. albovariegata (Makino) Beetle Bambos kurotake Siebold Phyllostachys nigra var. hanchiku (J.Houz.) Nakai Phyllostachys puberula var. punctata (Bean) Nakai Phyllostachys nigra var. flavescens (J.Houz.) Nakai Phyllostachys nigra var. muchisasa (J.Houz.) Nakai Phyllostachys nigra f. pendula (Miyoshi) Makino & Nemoto Phyllostachys stolonifera Kurz ex Munro Phyllostachys nigra f. simadake Muroi & H.Okamura Phyllostachys nigra f. asagi Muroi & H.Okamura Phyllostachys nigra var. nigropunctata (Mitford) G.Nicholson Phyllostachys nigra f. mejiro Muroi & H.Okamura Phyllostachys nigra f. usuguro Muroi & H.Okamura Bambusa dichotoma Donn Phyllostachys nigropunctata Mitford Phyllostachys fulva Mitford Phyllostachys boryana Mitford Phyllostachys nigra var. punctata Bean Bambusa boryana Bean Bambusa nigropunctata Bean Sinoarundinaria nigra (Lodd. ex Lindl.) Ohwi ex Mayeb.
科属（Family & Genus）：禾本科（Gramineae）刚竹属
形态特征（Description）：竿高4-8米，稀可高达10米，直径可达5厘米，幼竿绿色，密被细柔毛及白粉，箨环有毛，一年生以后的竿逐渐先出现紫斑，最后全部变为紫黑色，无毛；中部节间长25-30厘米，壁厚约3毫米；竿环与箨环均隆起，且竿环高于箨环或两环等高。箨鞘背面红褐或更带绿色，无斑点或常具极微小不易观察的深褐色斑点，此斑点在箨鞘上端常密集成片，被微量白粉及较密的淡褐色刺毛；箨耳长圆形至镰形，紫黑色，边缘生有紫黑色繸毛；箨舌拱形至尖拱形，紫色，边缘生有长纤毛；箨片三角形至三角状披针形，绿色，但脉为紫色，舟状，直立或以后稍开展，微皱曲或波状。末级小枝具.2或3叶；叶耳不明显，有脱落性鞘口繸毛；叶舌稍伸出；叶片质薄，长7-10厘米，宽约1.2厘米。花枝呈短穗状，长3.5-5厘米，基部托以4-8片逐渐增大的鳞片状苞片；佛焰苞4-6片，除边缘外无毛或被微毛，叶耳不存在，鞘口繸毛少数条或无，缩小叶细小，通常呈锥状或仅为一小尖头，亦可较大而呈卵状披针形，每片佛焰苞腋内有1-3枚假小穗。小穗披针形，长1.5-2厘米，具2或3朵小花，小穗轴具柔毛；颖1-3片，偶可无颖，背面上部多少具柔毛；外稃密生柔毛，长1.2-1.5厘米；内稃短于外稃；花药长约8毫米；柱头3,羽毛状。笋期4月下旬。
分布（Distribution）：原产我国，南北各地多有栽培，在湖南南部与广西交界处尚可见有野生的紫竹林。
用途（Use）：多栽培供观赏；竹材较坚韧，供制作小型家具、手杖、伞柄、乐器及工艺品。
引自中国植物志英文版FOC Vol. 22 Page 164, 166, 175
Phyllostachys nigra (Loddiges ex Lindley) Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London. 26: 38. 1868.
紫竹 zi zhu| Poaceae | Phyllostachys
Culms 4–8(–10) m, to 5 cm or more in diam.; internodes green or gradually developing purple-brown to black spots or turning uniform purple-brown or black, 25–30 cm, initially white powdery, densely puberulent; wall ca. 3 mm thick; nodal ridge slightly more prominent than or equaling sheath scar; sheath scar initially brown hairy on margin. Culm sheaths red-brown, sometimes tinged with green, unmarked or densely extremely minutely and imperceptibly dark brown spotted, spots aggregating into a distal dark brown patch, thinly white powdery, brown strigose; auricles and oral setae well developed, purple-black; ligule purple, arcuate to acutely so, long ciliate; blade erect or gradually deflexed, green or tinged with purple on both sides, triangular to triangular-lanceolate, navicular, ± wavy. Leaves 2 or 3 per ultimate branch; auricles weak or absent; oral setae deciduous; ligule slightly exserted; blade thin, 7–10 × ca. 1.2 cm. Flowering branchlets shortly spicate, 3.5–5 cm, scaly bracts 4–8. Spathes 4–6, glabrous or puberulous; auricles absent; oral setae few or absent; blade usually subulate or ovate-lanceolate, small. Pseudospikelets 1–3 per spathe. Spikelets lanceolate, 1.5–2 cm; florets 2 or 3. Glumes (absent or)1–3, abaxially ± distally pubescent; rachilla pubescent; lemma 1.2–1.5 cm, densely pubescent; palea shorter than lemma. Anthers ca. 8 mm. Stigmas 3. New shoots late Apr, fl. May.
* Open forests on slopes and in valleys; 1100–1200 m. S Hunan, widely cultivated elsewhere in China [introduced in many other countries].
This species has a very extensive synonymy, as is often the case with such popular garden plants. At the time of writing, W. D. Clayton lists a total of 79 synonyms in his grass synonymy database.
'（责任编辑：徐晔春）
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