戟叶堇菜Viola betonicifolia
中文名（Chinese Name）：戟叶堇菜
学名（Scientific Name）：Viola betonicifolia J. E. Smith
英文名（English Common Name）：
别名（Chinese Common Name）：尼泊尔堇菜、箭叶堇菜
异名（Synonym）：Viola caespitosa D. Don Viola patrinii var. napaulensis Ging. Viola oblongosagittata var. violascens Nakai Viola betonicifolia subsp. nepalensis (Ging.) W. Becker Viola patrinii var. caespitosa Ridl. Viola inconspicua subsp. dielsiana W. Becker Viola betonicifolia subsp. dielsiana W. Becker Viola patrinii var. laotiana H. Boissieu Viola patrinii var. nepaulensis Ging.
科属（Family & Genus）：堇菜科（Violaceae）堇菜属
形态特征（Description）：多年生草本，无地上茎。根状茎通常较粗短，长5-10毫米，斜生或垂直，有数条粗长的淡褐色根。叶多数，均基生，莲座状；叶片狭披针形、长三角状戟形或三角状卵形，长2-7.5厘米，宽0.5-3厘米，先端尖，有时稍钝圆，基部截形或略呈浅心形，有时宽楔形，花期后叶增大，基部垂片开展并具明显的牙齿，边缘具疏而浅的波状齿，近基部齿较深，两面无毛或近无毛；叶柄较长，长1.5-13厘米，上半部有狭而明显的翅，通常无毛，有时下部有细毛；托叶褐色，约3/4与叶柄合生，离生部分线状披针形或钻形，先端渐尖，边缘全缘或疏生细齿。花白色或淡紫色，有深色条纹，长1.4-1.7厘米；花梗细长，与叶等长或超出于叶，通常无毛，有时仅下部有细毛，中部附近有2枚线形小苞片；萼片卵状披针形或狭卵形，长5-6毫米，先端渐尖或稍尖，基部附属物较短，长0.5-1毫米，末端圆，有时疏生钝齿，具狭膜质缘，具3脉；上方花瓣倒卵形，长1-1.2厘米，侧方花瓣长圆状倒卵形，长1-1.2厘米，里面基部密生或有时生较少量的须毛，下方花瓣通常稍短，连距长1.3-1.5厘米；距管状，稍短而粗，长2-6毫米，粗2-3.5毫米，末端圆，直或稍向上弯；花药及药隔顶部附属物均长约2毫米，下方2枚雄蕊具长1-3毫米的距；子房卵球形，长约2毫米，无毛，花柱棍棒状，基部稍向前膝曲，上部逐渐增粗，柱头两侧及后方略增厚成狭缘边，前方具明显的短喙，喙端具柱头孔。蒴果椭圆形至长圆形，长6-9毫米，无毛。花果期4-9月。
分布（Distribution）：产华东、陕西、甘肃、河南、湖北、湖南、广东、海南、四川、云南、西藏，生于田野、路边、山坡草地、灌丛、林缘等处。亚洲南部、大洋洲也有。
用途（Use）：全草供药用，有清热解毒、消肿散瘀；外敷可治节疮痛肿。
引自中国植物志英文版：FOC Vol. 13 Page 78, 98
Viola betonicifolia Smith in Rees, Cycl. 37: Viola no. 7. 1817.
戟叶堇菜 ji ye jin cai| Violaceae | Viola
Viola betonicifolia subsp. dielsiana W. Becker; V. betonicifolia subsp. nepalensis (Gingins) W. Becker; V. caespitosa D. Don; V. inconspicua Blume subsp. dielsiana W. Becker; V. oblongosagittata Nakai var. violascens Nakai; V. patrinii Gingins var. caespitosa (D. Don) Ridley; V. patrinii var. laotiana H. Boissieu; V. patrinii var. nepaulensis Gingins.
Herbs perennial, acaulescent. Rhizome obliquely ascending or erect, usually short, 5-10 mm, stout, with several robust, long, yellowish roots. Leaves numerous, basal, rosulate; stipules dark brownish, lanceolate, 3-5 × ca. 1 mm, ca. 3/4 adnate to petiole, free part linear-lanceolate or subulate, margin entire or sparsely denticulate, apex acuminate; petiole long, 1.5-13 cm, narrowly and conspicuously winged in upper part, usually glabrous, sometimes puberulous in lower part; leaf blade narrowly lanceolate, narrowly triangular-hastate, or triangular-ovate, 2-7.5 × 0.5-3 cm, base truncate or shallowly cordate, sometimes broadly cuneate, apex acute, sometimes slightly obtuse; leaves accrescent after anthesis, both surfaces glabrous or subglabrous, lateral lobes spreading and conspicuously dentate, margin remotely shallowly crenate, more deeply dentate near base. Flowers white, light or deep purplish, deep-colored striate, 1.4-1.7 cm; pedicels long, equaling or exceeding leaves, slender, usually glabrous, sometimes puberulous in lower part, 2-bracteolate near middle; bracteoles linear. Sepals ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, 5-6 × 1-1.6 mm, apex acuminate or ± acute, basal auricles shorter, 0.5-1 mm, 3-veined, margin narrowly membranous, apex rounded, sometimes remotely obtusely dentate. Upper petals obovate, 1-1.2 cm, bearded; lateral ones oblong-obovate, bearded, 1-1.2 cm; anterior one usually shorter, 1.3-1.5 cm (spur included); spur tubular, short, 1-2.5 mm, stout, 2-3 mm in diam., apex rounded, straight or slightly curved upward; anthers and appendage of connectives ca. 2 mm; spur of 2 anterior stamens 1-3 mm. Ovary ovoid-globose, ca. 2 mm, glabrous; styles clavate, slightly geniculate forward, gradually thickened in upper part; stigmas slightly thickened and narrowly margined on lateral sides and abaxially, shortly beaked in front, with a stigma hole at tip of beak. Capsule ellipsoid to oblong, 6-9 mm, glabrous. Seed ovoid, 1-1.2 mm. Fl. Feb-May, fr. May-Sep. 2n = 24*, 48, 72*.
Fields, roadsides, grasslands on mountain slopes, thickets, forest margins; below 1500(-2500) m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, SE Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Afghanistan, Bhutan, Japan, India, Indonesia, Kashmir, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; N Australia].
（责任编辑：徐晔春）
学名（Scientific Name）：Viola betonicifolia J. E. Smith
英文名（English Common Name）：
别名（Chinese Common Name）：尼泊尔堇菜、箭叶堇菜
异名（Synonym）：Viola caespitosa D. Don Viola patrinii var. napaulensis Ging. Viola oblongosagittata var. violascens Nakai Viola betonicifolia subsp. nepalensis (Ging.) W. Becker Viola patrinii var. caespitosa Ridl. Viola inconspicua subsp. dielsiana W. Becker Viola betonicifolia subsp. dielsiana W. Becker Viola patrinii var. laotiana H. Boissieu Viola patrinii var. nepaulensis Ging.
科属（Family & Genus）：堇菜科（Violaceae）堇菜属
形态特征（Description）：多年生草本，无地上茎。根状茎通常较粗短，长5-10毫米，斜生或垂直，有数条粗长的淡褐色根。叶多数，均基生，莲座状；叶片狭披针形、长三角状戟形或三角状卵形，长2-7.5厘米，宽0.5-3厘米，先端尖，有时稍钝圆，基部截形或略呈浅心形，有时宽楔形，花期后叶增大，基部垂片开展并具明显的牙齿，边缘具疏而浅的波状齿，近基部齿较深，两面无毛或近无毛；叶柄较长，长1.5-13厘米，上半部有狭而明显的翅，通常无毛，有时下部有细毛；托叶褐色，约3/4与叶柄合生，离生部分线状披针形或钻形，先端渐尖，边缘全缘或疏生细齿。花白色或淡紫色，有深色条纹，长1.4-1.7厘米；花梗细长，与叶等长或超出于叶，通常无毛，有时仅下部有细毛，中部附近有2枚线形小苞片；萼片卵状披针形或狭卵形，长5-6毫米，先端渐尖或稍尖，基部附属物较短，长0.5-1毫米，末端圆，有时疏生钝齿，具狭膜质缘，具3脉；上方花瓣倒卵形，长1-1.2厘米，侧方花瓣长圆状倒卵形，长1-1.2厘米，里面基部密生或有时生较少量的须毛，下方花瓣通常稍短，连距长1.3-1.5厘米；距管状，稍短而粗，长2-6毫米，粗2-3.5毫米，末端圆，直或稍向上弯；花药及药隔顶部附属物均长约2毫米，下方2枚雄蕊具长1-3毫米的距；子房卵球形，长约2毫米，无毛，花柱棍棒状，基部稍向前膝曲，上部逐渐增粗，柱头两侧及后方略增厚成狭缘边，前方具明显的短喙，喙端具柱头孔。蒴果椭圆形至长圆形，长6-9毫米，无毛。花果期4-9月。
分布（Distribution）：产华东、陕西、甘肃、河南、湖北、湖南、广东、海南、四川、云南、西藏，生于田野、路边、山坡草地、灌丛、林缘等处。亚洲南部、大洋洲也有。
用途（Use）：全草供药用，有清热解毒、消肿散瘀；外敷可治节疮痛肿。
引自中国植物志英文版：FOC Vol. 13 Page 78, 98
Viola betonicifolia Smith in Rees, Cycl. 37: Viola no. 7. 1817.
戟叶堇菜 ji ye jin cai| Violaceae | Viola
Viola betonicifolia subsp. dielsiana W. Becker; V. betonicifolia subsp. nepalensis (Gingins) W. Becker; V. caespitosa D. Don; V. inconspicua Blume subsp. dielsiana W. Becker; V. oblongosagittata Nakai var. violascens Nakai; V. patrinii Gingins var. caespitosa (D. Don) Ridley; V. patrinii var. laotiana H. Boissieu; V. patrinii var. nepaulensis Gingins.
Herbs perennial, acaulescent. Rhizome obliquely ascending or erect, usually short, 5-10 mm, stout, with several robust, long, yellowish roots. Leaves numerous, basal, rosulate; stipules dark brownish, lanceolate, 3-5 × ca. 1 mm, ca. 3/4 adnate to petiole, free part linear-lanceolate or subulate, margin entire or sparsely denticulate, apex acuminate; petiole long, 1.5-13 cm, narrowly and conspicuously winged in upper part, usually glabrous, sometimes puberulous in lower part; leaf blade narrowly lanceolate, narrowly triangular-hastate, or triangular-ovate, 2-7.5 × 0.5-3 cm, base truncate or shallowly cordate, sometimes broadly cuneate, apex acute, sometimes slightly obtuse; leaves accrescent after anthesis, both surfaces glabrous or subglabrous, lateral lobes spreading and conspicuously dentate, margin remotely shallowly crenate, more deeply dentate near base. Flowers white, light or deep purplish, deep-colored striate, 1.4-1.7 cm; pedicels long, equaling or exceeding leaves, slender, usually glabrous, sometimes puberulous in lower part, 2-bracteolate near middle; bracteoles linear. Sepals ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, 5-6 × 1-1.6 mm, apex acuminate or ± acute, basal auricles shorter, 0.5-1 mm, 3-veined, margin narrowly membranous, apex rounded, sometimes remotely obtusely dentate. Upper petals obovate, 1-1.2 cm, bearded; lateral ones oblong-obovate, bearded, 1-1.2 cm; anterior one usually shorter, 1.3-1.5 cm (spur included); spur tubular, short, 1-2.5 mm, stout, 2-3 mm in diam., apex rounded, straight or slightly curved upward; anthers and appendage of connectives ca. 2 mm; spur of 2 anterior stamens 1-3 mm. Ovary ovoid-globose, ca. 2 mm, glabrous; styles clavate, slightly geniculate forward, gradually thickened in upper part; stigmas slightly thickened and narrowly margined on lateral sides and abaxially, shortly beaked in front, with a stigma hole at tip of beak. Capsule ellipsoid to oblong, 6-9 mm, glabrous. Seed ovoid, 1-1.2 mm. Fl. Feb-May, fr. May-Sep. 2n = 24*, 48, 72*.
Fields, roadsides, grasslands on mountain slopes, thickets, forest margins; below 1500(-2500) m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, SE Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Afghanistan, Bhutan, Japan, India, Indonesia, Kashmir, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; N Australia].
（责任编辑：徐晔春）
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