天仙子Hyoscyamus niger
中文名（Chinese Name）：天仙子
学名（Scientific Name）：Hyoscyamus niger L.
英文名（English Common Name）：black henbane
别名（Chinese Common Name）：莨菪
异名（Synonym）：Hyoscyamus bohemicus F. W. Schmidt Hyoscyamus niger var. annuus Sims Hyoscyamus niger var. chinensis Makino Hyoscyamus agrestis Kit. ex Schult. Hyoscarpus niger Dulac Hyoscyamus auriculatus Ten. Hyoscyamus lethalis Salisb. Hyoscyamus officinarum Crantz Hyoscyamus pallidus Waldst. & Kit. ex Willdenow Hyoscyamus persicus Boiss. & Buhse Hyoscyamus pictus Roth Hyoscyamus syspirensis K.Koch Hyoscyamus verviensis Lej.
科属（Family & Genus）：茄科（Solanaceae）天仙子属
形态特征（Description）：二年生草本，高达1米，全体被粘性腺毛。根较粗壮，肉质而后变纤维质，直径约2-3厘米。一年生的茎极短，自根茎发出莲座状叶丛，卵状披针形或长矩圆形，长可达30厘米，宽达10厘米，顶端锐尖，边缘有粗牙齿或羽状浅裂，主脉扁宽，侧脉5-6条直达裂片顶端，有宽而扁平的翼状叶柄，基部半抱根茎；第二年春茎伸长而分枝，下部渐木质化，茎生叶卵形或三角状卵形，顶端钝或渐尖，无叶柄而基部半抱茎或宽楔形，边缘羽状浅裂或深裂，向茎顶端的叶成浅波状，裂片多为三角形，顶端钝或锐尖，两面除生粘性腺毛外，沿叶脉并生有柔毛，长4-10厘米，宽2-6厘米。花在茎中部以下单生于叶腋，在茎上端则单生于苞状叶腋内而聚集成蝎尾式总状花序，通常偏向一侧，近无梗或仅有极短的花梗。花萼筒状钟形，生细腺毛和长柔毛，长1-1.5厘米，5浅裂，裂片大小稍不等，花后增大成坛状，基部圆形，长2-2.5厘米，直径1-1.5厘米，有10条纵肋，裂片开张，顶端针刺状；花冠钟状，长约为花萼的一倍，黄色而脉纹紫堇色；雄蕊稍伸出花冠；子房直径约3毫米。蒴果包藏于宿存萼内，长卵圆状，长约1.5厘米，直径约1.2厘米。种子近圆盘形，直径约1毫米，淡黄棕色。夏季开花、结果。
分布（Distribution）：分布于华北、西北及西南，华东有栽培或逸为野生；蒙古、俄罗斯、欧洲、印度亦有。常生于山坡、路旁、住宅区及河岸沙地。
用途（Use）：根、叶、种子药用，含莨菪碱及东莨菪碱，有镇痉镇痛之效，可作镇咳药及麻醉剂。种子油可供制肥皂。
引自中国植物志英文版：FOC Vol. 17 Page 307
Hyoscyamus niger Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 179. 1753.
天仙子 tian xian zi| Solanaceae | Hyoscyamus
Hyoscyamus agrestis Kitaibel ex Schultes; H. bohemicus F. W. Schmidt; H. niger var. annuus Sims; H. niger var. chinensis Makino.
Herbs biennial, to 1 m tall, pubescent throughout with sticky glandular hairs. Roots sometimes stout, fleshy, 2-3 cm in diam. Leaves sessile, sometimes forming a rosette; blade of rosette leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, ca. 30 × 10 cm, coarsely dentate or pinnately lobed or parted, apex acute; blade of cauline leaves ovate or deltate-ovate, 4-10 × 2-6 cm, pubescent with sticky hairs, nearly clasping or broadly cuneate at base, lobed or entire. Flowers subsessile or on pedicels 3-5 mm. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 1-1.5 cm; lobes deltate, unequal, acute. Corolla pale yellow, usually with purple veins, campanulate, 2-3 cm. Stamens exserted. Fruiting calyx urceolate, 2-2.5 × 1-1.5 cm; lobes mostly erect, tipped with a sharp tooth. Capsules ovoid-rounded, ca. 1.5 × 1.2 cm. Seeds yellow-brown, discoid, ca. 1 mm in diam. Fl. May-Aug, fr. Jul-Oct.
Slopes, near roads, sands by rivers, rich humus soils near villages and houses, occasionally cultivated; 700-3600 m. Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Yunnan [Afghanistan, India, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan; SW Asia, N Africa, Europe]
Alkaloids (hyoscyamine and scopolamine) contained in the roots, leaves, and seeds, are used as an anaesthetic and for relieving muscular spasm and pain. The seed oil can be used for soap making.
（责任编辑：徐晔春）
学名（Scientific Name）：Hyoscyamus niger L.
英文名（English Common Name）：black henbane
别名（Chinese Common Name）：莨菪
异名（Synonym）：Hyoscyamus bohemicus F. W. Schmidt Hyoscyamus niger var. annuus Sims Hyoscyamus niger var. chinensis Makino Hyoscyamus agrestis Kit. ex Schult. Hyoscarpus niger Dulac Hyoscyamus auriculatus Ten. Hyoscyamus lethalis Salisb. Hyoscyamus officinarum Crantz Hyoscyamus pallidus Waldst. & Kit. ex Willdenow Hyoscyamus persicus Boiss. & Buhse Hyoscyamus pictus Roth Hyoscyamus syspirensis K.Koch Hyoscyamus verviensis Lej.
科属（Family & Genus）：茄科（Solanaceae）天仙子属
形态特征（Description）：二年生草本，高达1米，全体被粘性腺毛。根较粗壮，肉质而后变纤维质，直径约2-3厘米。一年生的茎极短，自根茎发出莲座状叶丛，卵状披针形或长矩圆形，长可达30厘米，宽达10厘米，顶端锐尖，边缘有粗牙齿或羽状浅裂，主脉扁宽，侧脉5-6条直达裂片顶端，有宽而扁平的翼状叶柄，基部半抱根茎；第二年春茎伸长而分枝，下部渐木质化，茎生叶卵形或三角状卵形，顶端钝或渐尖，无叶柄而基部半抱茎或宽楔形，边缘羽状浅裂或深裂，向茎顶端的叶成浅波状，裂片多为三角形，顶端钝或锐尖，两面除生粘性腺毛外，沿叶脉并生有柔毛，长4-10厘米，宽2-6厘米。花在茎中部以下单生于叶腋，在茎上端则单生于苞状叶腋内而聚集成蝎尾式总状花序，通常偏向一侧，近无梗或仅有极短的花梗。花萼筒状钟形，生细腺毛和长柔毛，长1-1.5厘米，5浅裂，裂片大小稍不等，花后增大成坛状，基部圆形，长2-2.5厘米，直径1-1.5厘米，有10条纵肋，裂片开张，顶端针刺状；花冠钟状，长约为花萼的一倍，黄色而脉纹紫堇色；雄蕊稍伸出花冠；子房直径约3毫米。蒴果包藏于宿存萼内，长卵圆状，长约1.5厘米，直径约1.2厘米。种子近圆盘形，直径约1毫米，淡黄棕色。夏季开花、结果。
分布（Distribution）：分布于华北、西北及西南，华东有栽培或逸为野生；蒙古、俄罗斯、欧洲、印度亦有。常生于山坡、路旁、住宅区及河岸沙地。
用途（Use）：根、叶、种子药用，含莨菪碱及东莨菪碱，有镇痉镇痛之效，可作镇咳药及麻醉剂。种子油可供制肥皂。
引自中国植物志英文版：FOC Vol. 17 Page 307
Hyoscyamus niger Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 179. 1753.
天仙子 tian xian zi| Solanaceae | Hyoscyamus
Hyoscyamus agrestis Kitaibel ex Schultes; H. bohemicus F. W. Schmidt; H. niger var. annuus Sims; H. niger var. chinensis Makino.
Herbs biennial, to 1 m tall, pubescent throughout with sticky glandular hairs. Roots sometimes stout, fleshy, 2-3 cm in diam. Leaves sessile, sometimes forming a rosette; blade of rosette leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, ca. 30 × 10 cm, coarsely dentate or pinnately lobed or parted, apex acute; blade of cauline leaves ovate or deltate-ovate, 4-10 × 2-6 cm, pubescent with sticky hairs, nearly clasping or broadly cuneate at base, lobed or entire. Flowers subsessile or on pedicels 3-5 mm. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 1-1.5 cm; lobes deltate, unequal, acute. Corolla pale yellow, usually with purple veins, campanulate, 2-3 cm. Stamens exserted. Fruiting calyx urceolate, 2-2.5 × 1-1.5 cm; lobes mostly erect, tipped with a sharp tooth. Capsules ovoid-rounded, ca. 1.5 × 1.2 cm. Seeds yellow-brown, discoid, ca. 1 mm in diam. Fl. May-Aug, fr. Jul-Oct.
Slopes, near roads, sands by rivers, rich humus soils near villages and houses, occasionally cultivated; 700-3600 m. Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Yunnan [Afghanistan, India, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan; SW Asia, N Africa, Europe]
Alkaloids (hyoscyamine and scopolamine) contained in the roots, leaves, and seeds, are used as an anaesthetic and for relieving muscular spasm and pain. The seed oil can be used for soap making.
（责任编辑：徐晔春）
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