凤眼莲Eichhornia crassipes

中文名Chinese Name):凤眼莲
学名Scientific Name):Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms
英文名(English Common Name):common water hyacinth
别名(Chinese Common Name):凤眼蓝、水浮莲,水葫芦
异名(Synonym):Eichhornia speciosa Kunth  Heteranthera formosa Miq.  Pontederia elongata Balf.  Piaropus crassipes (Mart.) Raf.  Piaropus mesomelas Raf. 
科属(Family & Genus):雨久花科(Pontederiaceae)凤眼蓝属
形态特征Description):浮水草本,高30-60厘米。须根发达,棕黑色,长达30厘米。茎极短,具长匍匐枝,匍匐枝淡绿色或带紫色,与母株分离后长成新植物。叶在基部丛生,莲座状排列,一般5-10片;叶片圆形,宽卵形或宽菱形,长4.5-14.5厘米,宽5-14厘米,顶端钝圆或微尖,基部宽楔形或在幼时为浅心形,全缘,具弧形脉,表面深绿色,光亮,质地厚实,两边微向上卷,顶部略向下翻卷;叶柄长短不等,中部膨大成囊状或纺锤形,内有许多多边形柱状细胞组成的气室,维管束散布其间,黄绿色至绿色,光滑;叶柄基部有鞘状苞片,长8-11厘米,黄绿色,薄而半透明;花葶从叶柄基部的鞘状苞片腋内伸出,长34-46厘米,多棱;穗状花序长17-20厘米,通常具9-12朵花;花被裂片6枚,花瓣状,卵形、长圆形或倒卵形,紫蓝色,花冠略两侧对称,直径4-6厘米,上方1枚裂片较大,长约3.5厘米,宽约2.4厘米,三色即四周淡紫红色,中间蓝色,在蓝色的中央有1黄色圆斑,其余各片长约3厘米,宽1.5-1.8厘米,下方1枚裂片较狭,宽1.2-1.5厘米,花被片基部合生成筒,外面近基部有腺毛;雄蕊6枚,贴生于花被筒上,3长3短,长的从花被筒喉部伸出,长1.6-2厘米,短的生于近喉部,长3-5毫米;花丝上有腺毛,长约0.5毫米,3(2-4)细胞,顶端膨大;花药箭形,基着,蓝灰色,2室,纵裂;花粉粒长卵圆形,黄色;子房上位,长梨形,长6毫米,3室,中轴胎座,胚珠多数;花柱1,长约2厘米,伸出花被筒的部分有腺毛;柱头上密生腺毛。蒴果卵形。花期7-10月,果期8-11月。
分布Distribution):原产巴西,现广布于我国长江、黄河流域及华南各省。生于海拔200-1500米的水塘、沟渠及稻田中。亚洲热带地区也已广泛生长。
用途Use):全草为家畜、家禽饲料;嫩叶及叶柄可作蔬菜。全株也可供药用,有清凉解毒、除湿祛风热以及外敷热疮等功效。本种还是监测环境污染的良好植物,它可监测水中是否有砷存在,还可净化水中汞、镉、铅等有害物质。
引自中国植物志英文版FOC Vol. 24 Page 41     
Eichhornia crassipes (Martius) Solms in A. de Candolle & C. de Candolle, Monogr. Phan. 4: 527. 1883.
凤眼蓝 feng yan lan| Pontederiaceae  | Eichhornia
 Eichhornia crassipes
Pontederia crassipes Martius, Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. 1: 9. 1823; Eichhornia speciosa Kunth; Heteranthera formosa Miquel.
Herbs floating, 0.3--2 m. Roots many, long, fibrous. Stems very short; stolons greenish or purplish, long, apically producing new plants. Leaves radical, rosulate; petiole yellowish green to greenish, 10--40 cm, spongy, usually very much swollen at or below middle; leaf blade orbicular, broadly ovate, or rhomboidal, 4.5--14.5 × 5--14 cm, leathery, glabrous, densely veined, base shallowly cordate, rounded, or broadly cuneate. Inflorescences bracteate, spirally 7--15-flowered; peduncle 35--45 cm. Perianth 6-parted, segments purplish blue, petaloid, ovate to elliptic, upper one larger with yellow blotch at center adaxially, others subequal but lower one narrower. Stamens 6, 3 long and 3 short; filaments curved, glandular hairy. Pistil heterostylic; stigma glandular hairy. Capsule ovoid. Fl. Jul--Oct, fr. Aug--Nov.
Naturalized, growing gregariously in pools, ditches, and rice fields; 200--500 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, S Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [native to Brazil; widely introduced and naturalized in tropics and subtropics].
The entire plant is used for fattening livestock, and as green manure. The young leaves and petioles are sometimes used as a vegetable.
凤眼莲Eichhornia crassipes

凤眼莲Eichhornia crassipes

凤眼莲Eichhornia crassipes

凤眼莲Eichhornia crassipes

凤眼莲Eichhornia crassipes
 






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