拐枣Hovenia acerba
中文名（Chinese Name）：拐枣
学名（Scientific Name）：Hovenia acerba Lindl.
英文名（English Common Name）：
别名（Chinese Common Name）：枳椇、鸡爪子
异名（Synonym）：Hovenia inaequalis DC. Hovenia parviflora Nakai et Y. Kimura Ziziphus esquirolii H. Lév.
科属（Family & Genus）：鼠李科（Rhamnaceae）枳椇属
形态特征（Description）：高大乔木，高10-25米；小枝褐色或黑紫色，被棕褐色短柔毛或无毛，有明显白色的 皮孔。叶互生，厚纸质至纸质，宽卵形、椭圆状卵形或心形，长8-17厘米，宽6-12厘米，顶端长渐尖或短渐尖，基部截形或心形，稀近圆形或宽楔形，边缘常具整齐浅而钝的细锯 齿，上部或近顶端的叶有不明显的齿，稀近全缘，上面无毛，下面沿脉或脉腋常被短柔毛或 无毛；叶柄长2-5厘米，无毛。二歧式聚伞圆锥花序，顶生和腋生，被棕色短柔毛；花两性，直径5-6.5毫米；萼片具网状脉或纵条纹，无毛，长1.9-2.2毫米，宽1.3-2毫米；花瓣椭圆状匙形，长2-2.2毫米，宽1.6-2毫米，具短爪；花盘被柔毛；花柱半裂，稀浅裂或深裂，长1.7-2.1毫米，无毛。浆果状核果近球形，直径5-6.5毫米，无毛，成熟时黄褐色或棕褐色；果序轴明显膨大；种子暗褐色或黑紫色，直径 3.2-4.5毫米。花期5-7月，果期8-10月。
分布（Distribution）：产我国中南部大部分地区，生于海拔2100米以下的开旷地、山坡林缘或疏林中。印度、尼泊尔、丹和缅甸北部也有。
用途（Use）：木材细致坚硬，为建筑和制细木工用具的良好用材。果序轴肥厚、含丰富的糖，可生食、酿酒、熬糖，民间常用以浸制“拐枣酒”，能治风湿。种子为清凉利尿药，能解酒毒，适用于热病消渴、酒醉、烦渴、呕吐、发热等症。
引自中国植物志英文版：FOC Vol. 12 Page 118
Hovenia acerba Lindley, Bot. Reg. 6: t. 501. 1820.
枳椇 zhi ju | Rhamnaceae | Hovenia
Trees large, 10-25 m tall. Branchlets brown or black-purple, brownish pilose or glabrous, with conspicuous white lenticels. Petiole 2-5 cm, glabrous; leaf blade broadly ovate, elliptic-ovate, or cordate, 8-17 × 6-12 cm, thickly papery to papery, abaxially glabrous or pilose on veins or in vein axils, adaxially glabrous, base truncate or cordate, rarely subrounded or broadly cuneate, margin finely serrulate, in upper or nearly terminal leaves ± conspicuously dentate, rarely subentire, apex acuminate. Inflorescences brownish pilose. Flowers 5-6.5 mm in diam., in terminal or axillary, symmetrical, dichasial cymose panicles. Sepals 1.9-2.2 × 1.3-2 mm, glabrous. Petals clawed, elliptic-spatulate, 2-2.2 × 1.6-2 mm. Disk pubescent. Style 1.7-2.1 mm, ± deeply branched, glabrous or pilose. Fruit yellow-brown or brown at maturity, subglobose, 5-6.5 mm in diam., glabrous or pilose; fruiting peduncles and pedicels dilated and ± fleshy. Seeds dark brown or blackish purple, 3.2-4.5 mm in diam. Fl. May-Jul, fr. Aug-Oct.
Forests, forest margins, slopes, open places, also often cultivated in gardens or by houses; below 2100 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, SE Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal].
The fine, hard timber is good for building construction and making fine wood furniture. The fruiting rachis is thick, rich in sugar, and edible; it is used medicinally and for making wine and sugar.
（责任编辑：徐晔春）
学名（Scientific Name）：Hovenia acerba Lindl.
英文名（English Common Name）：
别名（Chinese Common Name）：枳椇、鸡爪子
异名（Synonym）：Hovenia inaequalis DC. Hovenia parviflora Nakai et Y. Kimura Ziziphus esquirolii H. Lév.
科属（Family & Genus）：鼠李科（Rhamnaceae）枳椇属
形态特征（Description）：高大乔木，高10-25米；小枝褐色或黑紫色，被棕褐色短柔毛或无毛，有明显白色的 皮孔。叶互生，厚纸质至纸质，宽卵形、椭圆状卵形或心形，长8-17厘米，宽6-12厘米，顶端长渐尖或短渐尖，基部截形或心形，稀近圆形或宽楔形，边缘常具整齐浅而钝的细锯 齿，上部或近顶端的叶有不明显的齿，稀近全缘，上面无毛，下面沿脉或脉腋常被短柔毛或 无毛；叶柄长2-5厘米，无毛。二歧式聚伞圆锥花序，顶生和腋生，被棕色短柔毛；花两性，直径5-6.5毫米；萼片具网状脉或纵条纹，无毛，长1.9-2.2毫米，宽1.3-2毫米；花瓣椭圆状匙形，长2-2.2毫米，宽1.6-2毫米，具短爪；花盘被柔毛；花柱半裂，稀浅裂或深裂，长1.7-2.1毫米，无毛。浆果状核果近球形，直径5-6.5毫米，无毛，成熟时黄褐色或棕褐色；果序轴明显膨大；种子暗褐色或黑紫色，直径 3.2-4.5毫米。花期5-7月，果期8-10月。
分布（Distribution）：产我国中南部大部分地区，生于海拔2100米以下的开旷地、山坡林缘或疏林中。印度、尼泊尔、丹和缅甸北部也有。
用途（Use）：木材细致坚硬，为建筑和制细木工用具的良好用材。果序轴肥厚、含丰富的糖，可生食、酿酒、熬糖，民间常用以浸制“拐枣酒”，能治风湿。种子为清凉利尿药，能解酒毒，适用于热病消渴、酒醉、烦渴、呕吐、发热等症。
引自中国植物志英文版：FOC Vol. 12 Page 118
Hovenia acerba Lindley, Bot. Reg. 6: t. 501. 1820.
枳椇 zhi ju | Rhamnaceae | Hovenia
Trees large, 10-25 m tall. Branchlets brown or black-purple, brownish pilose or glabrous, with conspicuous white lenticels. Petiole 2-5 cm, glabrous; leaf blade broadly ovate, elliptic-ovate, or cordate, 8-17 × 6-12 cm, thickly papery to papery, abaxially glabrous or pilose on veins or in vein axils, adaxially glabrous, base truncate or cordate, rarely subrounded or broadly cuneate, margin finely serrulate, in upper or nearly terminal leaves ± conspicuously dentate, rarely subentire, apex acuminate. Inflorescences brownish pilose. Flowers 5-6.5 mm in diam., in terminal or axillary, symmetrical, dichasial cymose panicles. Sepals 1.9-2.2 × 1.3-2 mm, glabrous. Petals clawed, elliptic-spatulate, 2-2.2 × 1.6-2 mm. Disk pubescent. Style 1.7-2.1 mm, ± deeply branched, glabrous or pilose. Fruit yellow-brown or brown at maturity, subglobose, 5-6.5 mm in diam., glabrous or pilose; fruiting peduncles and pedicels dilated and ± fleshy. Seeds dark brown or blackish purple, 3.2-4.5 mm in diam. Fl. May-Jul, fr. Aug-Oct.
Forests, forest margins, slopes, open places, also often cultivated in gardens or by houses; below 2100 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, SE Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal].
The fine, hard timber is good for building construction and making fine wood furniture. The fruiting rachis is thick, rich in sugar, and edible; it is used medicinally and for making wine and sugar.
（责任编辑：徐晔春）
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