棕榈 Trachycarpus fortunei

中文名Chinese Name):棕榈
学名Scientific Name):Trachycarpus fortunei (Hook.) H. Wendl.
英文名(English Common Name):Chinese windmill palm
别名(Chinese Common Name):棕树
异名(Synonym):Chaemaerops fortunei Hook  Trachycarpus caespitosus Becc.  Trachycarpus wagnerianus Becc.  Chamaerops fortunei Hook.
科属(Family & Genus):棕榈科(Palmae)棕榈属
形态特征(Description):乔木状,高3-10米或更高,树干圆柱形,被不易脱落的老叶柄基部和密集的网状纤维,除非人工剥除,否则不能自行脱落,裸露树干直径10-15厘米甚至更粗。叶片呈3/4圆形或者近圆形,深裂成30-50片具皱折的线状剑形,宽约2.5-4厘米,长60-70厘米的裂片,裂片先端具短2裂或2齿,硬挺甚至顶端下垂;叶柄长75-80厘米或甚至更长,两侧具细圆齿,顶端有明显的戟突。花序粗壮,多次分枝,从叶腋抽出,通常是雌雄异株。雄花序长约40厘米,具有2-3个分枝花序,下部的分枝花序长15-17厘米,一般只二回分枝;雄花无梗,每2-3朵密集着生于小穗轴上,也有单生的;黄绿色,卵球形,钝三棱;花萼3片,卵状急尖,几分离,花冠约2倍长于花萼,花瓣阔卵形,雄蕊6枚,花药卵状箭头形;雌花序长80-90厘米,花序梗长约40厘米,其上有3个佛焰苞包着,具4-5个圆锥状的分枝花序,下部的分枝花序长约35厘米,2-3回分枝;雌花淡绿色,通常2-3朵聚生;花无梗,球形,着生于短瘤突上,萼片阔卵形,3裂,基部合生,花瓣卵状近圆形,长于萼片1/3,退化雄蕊6枚,心皮被银色毛。果实阔肾形,有脐,宽11-12毫米,高7-9毫米,成熟时由黄色变为淡蓝色,有白粉,柱头残留在侧面附近。种子胚乳均匀,角质,胚侧生。花期4月,果期12月。
分布(Distribution):分布于长江以南各省区,罕见野生于疏林中,海拔上限2000米左右。日本也有分布。
用途(Use):本种在南方各地广泛栽培,主要剥取其棕皮纤维(叶鞘纤维),作绳索,编蓑衣、棕绷、地毡,制刷子和作沙发的填充料等;嫩叶经漂白可制扇和草帽;未开放的花苞又称“棕鱼”,可供食用;棕皮及叶柄(棕板)煅炭入药有止血作用,果实、叶、花、根等亦入药;此外,棕榈树形优美,也是庭园绿化的优良树种。
引自中国植物志英文版:FOC Vol. 23 Page 145   
Trachycarpus fortunei (Hooker) H. Wendland, Bull. Soc. Bot. France. 8: 429. 1862.
棕榈 zong lü| Arecaceae  | Trachycarpus
Chamaerops fortunei Hooker, Bot. Mag. 86: t. 5221. 1860; C. excelsa Thunberg; Trachycarpus caespitosus Beccari; T. wagnerianus Beccari.
Stem solitary, to 12 m tall, to 15 cm in diam. Leaf sheath fibers persistent, forming an ocrea more than 25 cm; petioles to 60 m, margins with very fine teeth; blades semicircular in outline, to 1.2 m wide, green on abaxial surface, divided to ca. 3/4 their length into 40-50 stiff segments, transverse veinlets barely visible; middle segments to 3 cm wide. Inflorescences 0.7-0.9 m, erect; male inflorescences branched to 4 orders; rachillae 1-3 cm; female inflorescences branched to 3 orders; rachillae 3-15 cm. Fruits black with a waxy bloom, kidney-shaped, to 0.9 × 1.4 cm.
Commonly cultivated, rarely found in forests; 100-2400 m. S of Qin Ling and Chang Jiang [Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Vietnam].
Fibers are collected from the leaf bases and made into coats and other items (brooms, brushes, doormats); wax is collected from the fruits; and a hemostatic drug is extracted from the seeds. This species is widely cultivated as an ornamental, especially in cooler climates.
棕榈 Trachycarpus fortunei

棕榈 Trachycarpus fortunei

棕榈 Trachycarpus fortunei

棕榈 Trachycarpus fortunei(责任编辑:徐晔春)

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